Top Public Policy Issues Facing Governing Boards in 2023–2024:
Affordability and Value

A $1.76-trillion mountain of debtⁱ has been the elephant in higher education’s parlor for years, fueling concerns about whether a college degree is still worth the price. It is a question not only for private colleges and universities with steep tuition rates but for public institutions, as well. Tuition increases, which have far outpaced overall price inflation for decades, have finally met intransigent resistance, ironically after a period of low inflation (around 2 percent) when many colleges finally exercised restraint. Tuition discounting by private colleges and universities—seen as a necessity to keep their institutions affordable for many students and families—have risen from 45 percent to 55 percent of the “sticker” prices.ⁱⁱ And now, the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors have triggered a resurgence of inflation in the U.S. economy to the highest levels in 40 years, which could not have come at a worse time as many institutions deal with enrollment declines.

Meanwhile, the fate of President Joe Biden’s plan to forgive $400 million in student debts—a quarter of the total owed by 43 million Americans—remains unsettled, with the Supreme Court expected to decide by the end of its 2022–2023 term in June whether to allow those debts to be wiped off the books by administrative action. A half-dozen Republican state attorneys general have challenged the plan, and Congressional Republicans have decried debt forgiveness as unfair to the 100 million Americans who never went to college.ⁱⁱⁱ

With generous income limits, the Biden plan would wipe out $10,000 in debt for individuals with incomes below $125,000 and for married couples up to $250,000; former Pell Grant recipients would enjoy $20,000 in debt relief. In addition, the U.S. Department of Education in January 2023 proposed regulations that would dramatically reduce income-driven loan repayments for low and middle-income borrowers, with individuals making $30,600 or less having zero-dollar monthly loan payments and those in a family of four with incomes up to $62,400 also paying zero each month. The revised rules would also cut in half monthly payments on undergraduate loans for others in income-driven repayment plans.

Even with modest in-state tuition at public campuses, attending a four-year college is expensive, particularly for those living away from home. While the median U.S. household income in 2021 this decade was $70,784,^iv the College Board’s “Trends in College Pricing and Student Aid” report found tuition and fees recently averaged:

• $10,950 for public four-year in-state students
• $28,240 for public four-year out-of-state students
• $39,400 for private, nonprofit four-year institutions
• $3,860 for public community colleges

And the total costs of a year in college, including room and board, had climbed to:

• $27,940 in-state at public four-year institutions
• $45,240 out-of-state at public four-year institutions
• $57,570 at private four-year institutions
• $19,230 at community colleges^v

It should also be noted that colleges are now facing scrutiny not only about their prices but also for lacking transparency about what exactly students and their families must pay in tuition. The U.S. Government Accounting Office (GAO) has reported that 91 percent of the colleges it surveyed did not divulge their net price or understated it when they made financial aid offers to prospective students, making it difficult for students and parents to compare offers and college affordability. The GAO has recommended changes in federal law to give all students the same standardized information they are now required to give veterans.^vi

Besides lowering student debt and monthly payments on loans, federal and state governments are strengthening or initiating other programs to help make college more affordable, notably through free tuition and grants. President Biden campaigned on a promise to make the first two years of community college tuition-free, and he has again requested funding in his FY 2024 budget to transition to free community college over the next decade. Although it is unlikely that Congress will approve free community college, more than half the states already provide free tuition for at least the neediest students.ⁱ

In addition, the president has secured a hefty $500 increase in the maximum Pell Grant for 2023-2024 to $7,395—the highest jump in a dozen years—on top of a $400 increase for 2022-2023, and he is seeking $820 more in his FY 2024 budget for academic year 2024-2025. With Congress now divided, however, the run of big increases could be over.

Although Pell Grants are means-tested, they are not just for those raised in poverty. They help seven million students pay for college, or more than a third of the entire college population. Some selective colleges now boast about their rising enrollments of Pell-eligible students. The grants are awarded on a sliding scale, with students from families with incomes up to 175 percent of the federal poverty level ($30,000 for a family of four in 2023) receiving the maximum. Still, even with increases, the grants now cover a much smaller percentage of college costs than when they started in 1973-1974 at $443, the equivalent of $3,000 today.

In the wake of questions about the affordability of college, the once unshakeable belief that a college degree is a ticket to a better life has given way to doubts about whether it’s even worth the price. In the New America survey of public attitudes toward higher education, only 27 percent said they believe that all Americans need at least a bachelor’s degree to achieve financial security, while a third felt a high school diploma sufficed. Nonetheless, and perhaps paradoxically, over three-quarters believe “that education beyond high school offers a good return on investment for students.”ⁱ

It’s worth noting that the debate over the value of a college diploma is not new. Newsweek ran a cover story in 1976 that posed the question, “Is College Worth It?” But that question is not a theoretical one these days as more major public and private sector employers drop degree requirements for the people they are hiring. On his first day in office, Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro eliminated a degree requirement for 92 percent of state jobs. He was following the example of governors in Maryland and Utah, and he won praise from the New York Times, which editorialized, “This demonstrates both good policy and good leadership, representing a concrete change in hiring philosophy that stops reducing people to a credential and conveys that everyone—college-educated or not—has experience and worth that employers should consider.”ⁱⁱ Meanwhile, in a burst of bipartisanship on Capitol Hill, the House voted 422-2 in January 2023 to pass the Chance to Compete Act, which seeks to further deemphasize degree requirements and accelerate use of skills assessments in filling federal jobs.

• AGB Policy Alert: President Biden Signs 2023 Omnibus Appropriations Package, with Changes for Multiple Higher Education Programs (December 2022)
• AGB Policy Alert: President Biden and Department of Education Cancel Some Student Loan Debt (September 2022)
• Community Letter to Congress in Support of the Tax-Free Pell Grant Act (October 2022)

• How does our institution strive to keep college affordable? If we discount tuition, what is our discount rate?
• How dependent are our students on state and federal financial assistance?
• If we are in a state where the first two years at a public college are free, what are the implications for our institution?
• What do we know of the student loan indebtedness of our current students and recent graduates, such as average debt, range of indebtedness, and numbers of graduates in repayment?
• What is the percentage and number of Pell recipients at our institution(s)?
• How effective are we at communicating the value of our particular institution and higher education in general to students, policymakers and other important audiences?

AGB supports robust investments that would help ensure that all students are able to access and complete a higher education. Specifically, AGB supports doubling the maximum Pell Grant and improving income-driven repayment plans to better support students.